Vol. 7, Issue 2, Part A (2025)

The relationship between India and Pakistan remains one of South Asia’s most complex and strained bilateral dynamics. Rooted in the 1947 partition of British India, their ties have been defined by conflict, mutual distrust, and recurring hostility, with only brief phases of dialogue. As of 2025, this relationship continues to be marked by diplomatic deadlock, intermittent border skirmishes, and limited people-to-people contact. Unresolved issues particularly over Jammu and Kashmir along with competing national interests and nationalist narratives, sustain the status quo.
This article examines the historical trajectory of India, Pakistan relations, highlighting key events such as the wars of 1947, 1965, and 1971, the 1999 Kargil conflict, and the aftermath of the 2019 Pulwama attack. Despite attempts at dialogue, including the Lahore Declaration and various Track II initiatives, lasting peace remains elusive.
Recent developments such as the revocation of Article 370, domestic political shifts, regional alignments, and global pressures have further complicated bilateral engagement. Persistent issues like cross-border terrorism, ceasefire violations, and trade suspension continue to obstruct normalization. Backchannel talks, though occasionally reported, have yielded little progress.
However, the article identifies possible areas for cooperation: confidence-building measures (CBMs), cultural and academic exchanges, joint efforts in water and climate management, and revitalized trade under a structured framework. The potential role of SAARC, multilateral forums, and third-party mediators is also explored.
Using a qualitative approach, this study draws on secondary data including academic works, policy papers, and media reports. It aims to offer a balanced perspective on India, Pakistan ties and contribute to peacebuilding discourse. Ultimately, it underscores the need for sustained dialogue, mutual respect, and inclusive regionalism to reshape one of the world’s most enduring rivalries.